Building React Apps in an Nx Monorepo

In this tutorial you'll learn how to use React with Nx in a monorepo setup.

What will you learn?

• how to create a new React application
• how to run a single task (i.e. serve your app) or run multiple tasks in parallel
• how to leverage code generators to scaffold components
• how to modularize your codebase and impose architectural constraints for better maintainability
• how to speed up CI with Nx Cloud ⚡

Why Use an Nx Monorepo?

Nx works along side your existing tooling to improve your experience developing in a monorepo. You can also use code generators that Nx provides to quickly spin up a new project that is pre-configured with industry standard tooling. In this tutorial, we'll set up a monorepo that leverages the same tooling you would typically use without Nx, but Nx will enable you to focus your time on the features of your application rather than the tooling that surrounds it.

We'll use npm/yarn/pnpm workspaces to link projects and TypeScript project references to incrementally typecheck the repository. Nx works well whether you have a single version policy or have each project separately define their dependencies, but in this tutorial we'll define all dependencies in a single package.json at the root of the repository.

Nx generators will automatically configure new projects with useful tools like Prettier, ESLint and Jest. Those generators will also make sure that each project is referenced correctly in the root workspaces property and the tsconfig references properties accurately reflect the dependencies of each project.

Nx Plugins are optional packages that extend the capabilities of Nx, catering to various specific technologies. For instance, we have plugins tailored to React (e.g., @nx/react), Vite (@nx/vite), Cypress (@nx/cypress), and more. These plugins offer additional features, making your development experience more efficient and enjoyable when working with specific tech stacks.

Features we'll use in this monorepo:

• Install dependencies at the root by default
• Scaffold new code with generators
• Updates dependencies with automated migrations

Visit our "Why Nx" page for more details.

Final Code

Here's the source code of the final result for this tutorial.

Creating a new React Monorepo

Create a new React monorepo with the following command:

Let's name the initial application react-store. In this tutorial we're going to use vite as a bundler, vitest for unit testing, cypress for e2e tests, css for styling and also include ESLint and Prettier. We'll talk more about how Nx integrates with GitHub Actions later in the tutorial. The above command generates the following structure:

The setup includes..

• a new React application (apps/react-store/)
• a Playwright based set of e2e tests (apps/react-store-e2e/)
• Prettier preconfigured
• ESLint preconfigured
• Vitest preconfigured

One way to structure an Nx monorepo is to place application projects in the apps folder and library projects in the libs folder. Applications are encouraged to be as light-weight as possible so that more code is pushed into libraries and can be reused in other projects. This folder structure is just a suggestion and can be modified to suit your organization's needs.

The nx.json file contains configuration settings for Nx itself and global default settings that individual projects inherit.

Serving the App

To serve your new React application, just run:

Your application should be served at http://localhost:4200.

Nx uses the following syntax to run tasks:

Inferred Tasks

Nx identifies available tasks for your project from tooling configuration files, package.json scripts and the targets defined in project.json. To view the tasks that Nx has detected, look in the Nx Console project detail view or run:

If you expand the build task, you can see that it was created by the @nx/vite plugin by analyzing your vite.config.ts file. Notice the outputs are defined as {projectRoot}/dist. This value is being read from the build.outDir defined in your vite.config.ts file. Let's change that value in your vite.config.ts file:

Now if you look at the project details view, the outputs for the build target will say {projectRoot}/build. This feature ensures that Nx will always cache the correct files.

You can also override the settings for inferred tasks by modifying the targetDefaults in nx.json or setting a value in your package.json file. Nx will merge the values from the inferred tasks with the values you define in targetDefaults and in your specific project's configuration.

Set the outDir back to ./dist so that we don't have to modify all the other tools to account for a different build output folder.

Add Another Application

Nx plugins usually provide generators that allow you to easily scaffold code, configuration or entire projects. To see what capabilities the @nx/react plugin provides, run the following command and inspect the output:

Run the following command to generate a new inventory application. Note how we append --dry-run to first check the output.

As you can see, it generates a new application in the apps/inventory/ folder. Let's actually run the generator by removing the --dry-run flag.

Share Code with Local Libraries

When you develop your React application, usually all your logic sits in the app folder. Ideally separated by various folder names which represent your "domains". As your app grows, however, the app becomes more and more monolithic and the code is unable to be shared with other applications.

Nx allows you to separate this logic into "local libraries". The main benefits include

• better separation of concerns
• better reusability
• more explicit "APIs" between your "domain areas"
• better scalability in CI by enabling independent test/lint/build commands for each library
• better scalability in your teams by allowing different teams to work on separate libraries

Create Local Libraries

Let's assume our domain areas include products, orders and some more generic design system components, called ui. We can generate a new library for each of these areas using the React library generator:

Note how we type out the full path in the directory flag to place the libraries into a subfolder. You can choose whatever folder structure you like to organize your projects. If you change your mind later, you can run the move generator to move a project to a different folder.

Running the above commands should lead to the following directory structure:

Each of these libraries

• has a project details view where you can see the available tasks (e.g. running tests for just orders: npx nx test orders)
• has its own package.json file where you can customize targets
• has the name you specified in the generate command; you can find the name in the corresponding package.json file
• has a dedicated index.ts file which is the "public API" of the library
• is included in the workspaces property of the package.json file at the root of the workspace

Import Libraries into the React Applications

All libraries that we generate are automatically included in the workspaces defined in the root-level package.json.

Hence we can easily import them into other libraries and our React application. As an example, let's use the pre-generated ProductsComponent component from our libs/products library.

You can see that the Products component is exported via the index.ts file of our products library so that other projects in the repository can use it. This is our public API with the rest of the workspace. Only export what's really necessary to be usable outside the library itself.

We're ready to import it into our main application now. First (if you haven't already), let's set up React Router.

Configure it in the main.tsx.

Then we can import the Products component into our app.tsx and render it via the routing mechanism whenever a user hits the /products route.

Serving your app (npx nx serve react-store) and then navigating to /products should give you the following result:

Let's apply the same for our orders library.

• import the Orders component from libs/orders into the app.tsx and render it via the routing mechanism whenever a user hits the /orders route

In the end, your app.tsx should look similar to this:

Let's also show products in the inventory app.

Visualize your Project Structure

Nx automatically detects the dependencies between the various parts of your workspace and builds a project graph. This graph is used by Nx to perform various optimizations such as determining the correct order of execution when running tasks like npx nx build, identifying affected projects and more. Interestingly you can also visualize it.

Just run:

You should be able to see something similar to the following in your browser.

Notice how ui is not yet connected to anything because we didn't import it in any of our projects.

Exercise for you: change the codebase such that ui is used by orders and products. Note: you need to restart the npx nx graph command to update the graph visualization or run the CLI command with the --watch flag.

Testing and Linting - Running Multiple Tasks

Our current setup doesn't just come with targets for serving and building the React application, but also has targets for unit testing, e2e testing and linting. Again, these are defined in the project.json file. We can use the same syntax as before to run these tasks:

More conveniently, we can also run tasks in parallel using the following syntax:

Cache Tasks

One thing to highlight is that Nx is able to cache the tasks you run.

Note that all of these targets are automatically cached by Nx. If you re-run a single one or all of them again, you'll see that the task completes immediately. In addition, (as can be seen in the output example below) there will be a note that a matching cache result was found and therefore the task was not run again.

Not all tasks might be cacheable though. You can configure the cache settings in the targetDefaults property of the nx.json file. You can also learn more about how caching works.

Test Affected Projects

Commit your changes to git.

And then make a small change to the products library.

One of the key features of Nx in a monorepo setting is that you're able to run tasks only for projects that are actually affected by the code changes that you've made. To run the tests for only the projects affected by this change, run:

Note that the unit tests were run for products, react-store and inventory, but not for orders because a change to products can not possibly break the tests for orders. In a small repo like this, there isn't a lot of time saved, but as there are more tests and more projects, this quickly becomes an essential command.

You can also see what projects are affected in the graph visualizer with;

Build the Apps for Deployment

If you're ready and want to ship your applications, you can build them using

All the required files will be placed in /apps/react-store/dist and /apps/inventory/dist and can be deployed to your favorite hosting provider.

Nx will run any script defined in package.json, so you can create a deploy task that sends the build output to your hosting provider.

We want to let Nx know that the build task needs to be run before the deploy task, so we add a dependsOn property for that target.

If you want to keep the script next to its Nx configuration, you can rewrite the above configuration like this:

Replace the deploy script with whatever terminal command you use to deploy your site.

The "dependsOn": ["build"] setting tells Nx to make sure that the project's build task has been run successfully before the deploy task.

With the deploy tasks defined, you can deploy a single application with npx nx deploy react-store or deploy any applications affected by the current changes with:

Imposing Constraints with Module Boundary Rules

Once you modularize your codebase you want to make sure that the libs are not coupled to each other in an uncontrolled way. Here are some examples of how we might want to guard our small demo workspace:

• we might want to allow orders to import from shared-ui but not the other way around
• we might want to allow orders to import from products but not the other way around
• we might want to allow all libraries to import the shared-ui components, but not the other way around

When building these kinds of constraints you usually have two dimensions:

• type of project: what is the type of your library. Example: "feature" library, "utility" library, "data-access" library, "ui" library
• scope (domain) of the project: what domain area is covered by the project. Example: "orders", "products", "shared" ... this really depends on the type of product you're developing

Nx comes with a generic mechanism that allows you to assign "tags" to projects. "tags" are arbitrary strings you can assign to a project that can be used later when defining boundaries between projects. For example, go to the package.json of your orders library and assign the tags type:feature and scope:orders to it.

Then go to the project.json of your products library and assign the tags type:feature and scope:products to it.

Finally, go to the project.json of the shared-ui library and assign the tags type:ui and scope:shared to it.

Notice how we assign scope:shared to our UI library because it is intended to be used throughout the workspace.

Next, let's come up with a set of rules based on these tags:

• type:feature should be able to import from type:feature and type:ui
• type:ui should only be able to import from type:ui
• scope:orders should be able to import from scope:orders, scope:shared and scope:products
• scope:products should be able to import from scope:products and scope:shared

To enforce the rules, Nx ships with a custom ESLint rule. Open the .eslintrc.base.json at the root of the workspace and add the following depConstraints in the @nx/enforce-module-boundaries rule configuration:

To test it, go to your libs/products/src/lib/products.tsx file and import the Orders component from the orders project:

If you lint your workspace you'll get an error now:

If you have the ESLint plugin installed in your IDE you should also immediately see an error.

Learn more about how to enforce module boundaries.

Fast CI ⚡

This tutorial walked you through how Nx can improve the local development experience, but the biggest difference Nx makes is in CI. As repositories get bigger, making sure that the CI is fast, reliable and maintainable can get very challenging. Nx provides a solution.

• Nx reduces wasted time in CI with the affected command.
• Nx Replay's remote caching will reuse task artifacts from different CI executions making sure you will never run the same computation twice.
• Nx Agents efficiently distribute tasks across machines ensuring constant CI time regardless of the repository size. The right number of machines is allocated for each PR to ensure good performance without wasting compute.
• Nx Atomizer automatically splits large e2e tests to distribute them across machines. Nx can also automatically identify and rerun flaky e2e tests.

Connect to Nx Cloud

Nx Cloud is a companion app for your CI system that provides remote caching, task distribution, e2e tests deflaking, better DX and more.

Now that we're working on the CI pipeline, it is important for your changes to be pushed to a GitHub repository.

1. Commit your existing changes with git add . && git commit -am "updates"
2. Create a new GitHub repository
3. Follow GitHub's instructions to push your existing code to the repository

When we set up the repository at the beginning of this tutorial, we chose to use GitHub Actions as a CI provider. This created a basic CI pipeline and configured Nx Cloud in the repository. It also printed a URL in the terminal to register your repository in your Nx Cloud account. If you didn't click on the link when first creating your repository, you can show it again by running:

Once you click the link, follow the steps provided and make sure Nx Cloud is enabled on the main branch of your repository.

Configure Your CI Workflow

When you chose GitHub Actions as your CI provider at the beginning of the tutorial, create-nx-workspace created a .github/workflows/ci.yml file that contains a CI pipeline that will run the lint, test, build and e2e tasks for projects that are affected by any given PR. If you would like to also distribute tasks across multiple machines to ensure fast and reliable CI runs, uncomment the nx-cloud start-ci-run line and have the nx affected line run the e2e-ci task instead of e2e.

If you need to generate a new workflow file for GitHub Actions or other providers, you can do so with this command:

The key lines in the CI pipeline are:

Open a Pull Request

Commit the changes and open a new PR on GitHub.

When you view the PR on GitHub, you will see a comment from Nx Cloud that reports on the status of the CI run.

The See all runs link goes to a page with the progress and results of tasks that were run in the CI pipeline.

For more information about how Nx can improve your CI pipeline, check out one of these detailed tutorials:

• Circle CI with Nx
• GitHub Actions with Nx

Next Steps

Here's some things you can dive into next:

• Learn more about the underlying mental model of Nx
• Learn how to migrate your React app to Nx
• Learn how to setup Tailwind
• Setup Storybook for our shared UI library

Also, make sure you

• ⭐️ Star us on GitHub to show your support and stay updated on new releases!
• Join the Official Nx Discord Server to ask questions and find out the latest news about Nx.
• Follow Nx on Twitter to stay up to date with Nx news
• Read our Nx blog
• Subscribe to our Youtube channel for demos and Nx insights